Wednesday, 23 April 2014

Online Independent Research work for RH1304M & RZ1304M

Hi All Students,

As part of your Module requirements, there are 4h of Independent Research work that you are supposed to carry out on your own, We can use these hours to work on the following:
a) Look up websites that give good information on the harmful effects of smoking and list them under "comments" link in this post. Look for at least 3 and post the links.
b) For each of these websites, tell me their good points and bad points about the site - for e.g. it is easy to navigate around; it contains plenty of useful info; the colour scheme is not attractive, etc.
c) Look for videos that contain relevant information/advice about smoking and post their links. Look for at least 3 videos.
d) For each of these videos, give a comment on it and share what you have learnt from it.

Items a&b will count towards one attendance and items c&d will count towards another. Do both for your 4h worth of attendance.

Happy searching!





27 comments:

  1. Sample response:
    a) HPB website: http://www.hpb.gov.sg/HOPPortal/gamesandtools-article/9904
    b) This is a very informative website. 5 thumbs up!

    ReplyDelete
  2. a) http://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/data_statistics/fact_sheets/health_effects/effects_cig_smoking/

    http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/10566.php

    http://betobaccofree.hhs.gov/health-effects/smoking-health/

    b) The first website is very detailed and shows heavy statics about how people die from smoking. They also shows a lot of references and even further information. However from my point of perspective, this information is too brief to show how smoking really affect your health.

    Next website: It has a good breakdown of what the tobacco smoke contains and showing how each of those individual harm your body. However I do not like how the website listing all the harmful effect by ending everything with cancer.

    Third website: This is the most detailed website on how smoking really affect your body. They went so far to narrow it down to every types of cigarette available. However the background is very dull with only white.

    c) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g_YZ_PtMkw0

    http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lW6hwmdZbmE

    http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jw2mJp-igTc

    d) First video: This is a very good advertisement on quit smoking. It serves as a purpose that reminding yourself is the best way to stop smoking

    Second video: It shows a clear breakdown on what is the effect of smoking. The video is also easy to understand with simple graphic. I have learnt quite a bit more on harmful effect on smoking.

    Third video: It shows on the amount of thing that is present if you smoke cigarette. The amount of "Black stuffs " really turns me off but it was good to know that what is really present in cigarette.

    Done by : Marcus Lim RZ1304M

    ReplyDelete
  3. a)
    1.http://m.cancer.gov/topics/factsheets/cessation

    2.http://m.netdoctor.co.uk/health_advice/facts/smokehealth.htm

    3.http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_effects_of_tobacco

    b)
    1 is very informative about the content of cigarette, why we should quit smoking and why we shouldn't start smoking.

    2 is also similar to number 1 but also include about electronic cigarette is a bit safer as it give nicotine but still deadly to our body.

    3 is also similar to number 1 but show more statistics , info on the chemicals and the history of tobacco.

    c)
    1. http://m.youtube.com/watch?v=B1DNoole3Wo

    2. http://m.youtube.com/watch?v=thLHLQezDEU

    3. http://m.youtube.com/watch?v=1BwVxmJPies


    d)
    1 is about the effect second hand smoking.

    2 is very informative and they did survey people about smoking also they even managed to film of operation of removing some fattening liquid that block the artery.

    3 is about the country that legalized weeds, quite amusing at the end.

    Done by : Koh Zheng Liang RZ1304M

    ReplyDelete
  4. 1)http://www.buzzle.com/articles/harmful-health-effects-smoking-cigarettes.html

    2)http://www.stop-smoking-programs.org/effects-of-smoking.html

    3)http://rachelbrown.hubpages.com/hub/The-Harmful-Effects-of-Smoking

    1.First website tells us a detailed facts that what actually contain in the cigarettes and how does it caused a harmful effect in our body.However,it does not show every type of diseases would occurred by smoking.

    2.Second website shows that smoking can caused specific type of Emphysema reaction with our organ.However,it does not shows that the social consequence of his/her loves ones to develop lung disease through second-hand smoking.

    3.Third website tells us more about the starting symptoms and the risk in female’s body especially during pregnancy.however,it does not shows what is the harmful effect would happen in male's body.

    1)http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g_YZ_PtMkw0
    (Smoking Kid - Best of #OgilvyCannes 2012 / #CannesLions )

    2)http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jw2mJp-igTc
    (No Smoking, this is a demonstration that how Smoking kills you Slowly slowly HD )

    3)http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7N3q8ZUsW_Y
    (Smoking Video )

    First video :It is a very good video as it helps to remind the smoker that the harmful effect of smoking.

    Second video:Informative video ! i have learnt what does cigarette actually contains.

    Third video:This video shows a detailed outcome on what is the effect on smoking.i have learnt more about the consequences about smoking.

    Doe by :Tan Hui Peng RZ1304M

    ReplyDelete
  5. 1)http://www.buzzle.com/articles/harmful-health-effects-smoking-cigarettes.html

    2)http://www.stop-smoking-programs.org/effects-of-smoking.html

    3)http://rachelbrown.hubpages.com/hub/The-Harmful-Effects-of-Smoking

    1.First website tells us a detailed facts that what actually contain in the cigarettes and how does it caused a harmful effect in our body.However,it does not show every type of diseases would occurred by smoking.

    2.Second website shows that smoking can caused specific type of Emphysema reaction with our organ.However,it does not shows that the social consequence of his/her loves ones to develop lung disease through second-hand smoking.

    3.Third website tells us more about the starting symptoms and the risk in female’s body especially during pregnancy.however,it does not shows what is the harmful effect would happen in male's body.

    1)http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g_YZ_PtMkw0
    (Smoking Kid - Best of #OgilvyCannes 2012 / #CannesLions )

    2)http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jw2mJp-igTc
    (No Smoking, this is a demonstration that how Smoking kills you Slowly slowly HD )

    3)http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7N3q8ZUsW_Y
    (Smoking Video )

    First video :It is a very good video as it helps to remind the smoker that the harmful effect of smoking.

    Second video:Informative video ! i have learnt more about what does cigarette actually contains.

    Third video:This video shows a detailed outcome on what is the effect on smoking.i have learnt more about the consequences about smoking.

    Done by:Tan Hui Peng RZ1304M

    ReplyDelete
  6. A) http://smokefree.gov/health-effects

    http://www.lung.org/stop-smoking/about-smoking/health-effects/smoking.html

    http://www.quitnow.gov.au/internet/quitnow/publishing.nsf/Content/damaging-your-body

    B) This website is very detailed in how smoking affects people's body from the brain, to the DNA, which I find very informative. Not just that, the website shows how your body will react when you start to quit.

    This website shows the general outcome of smoking but in variable conditions like pregnancy, youth and adults, it's too wordy and don't have any pictures so it's a bit unattractive and boring to read.

    This website is also like the same as the other 2 but this website have a lot of facts and FAQ for EACH body parts or organs that harms them while smoking which I find very interactive and user friendly.

    C) http://www.wimp.com/smokingads/

    http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fuE4vqGAlv4

    http://vimeo.com/31015372

    D) The first video is very interesting, it features a child asking strangers for a lighter to smoke, all strangers gave the kid reasons not to smoke because they care for them but what made them realised is that they should care about themselves too as they themselves knew the reason not to smoke, very clever.

    The second video is a victim of a passive smoker, He's a non-smoker nor he hang around with smokers. His work place produce too much harmful smoke that causes him to have asthma attacks, infections and lung damage. I learnt that we should be careful of the environment and prevent ourselves from getting sick.

    The last video is about a woman smoking. For every path she took she'll look old and when she exhale, she looked younger. This one requires no speaking to get its message across. Smoking really makes us older than we should by 19 years!! sex

    Completed by: SHEIK UMAR MUKHTAR RZ1304MK

    ReplyDelete
  7. A)
    http://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/data_statistics/fact_sheets/health_effects/effects_cig_smoking/

    http://betobaccofree.hhs.gov/health-effects/smoking-health/

    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_effects_of_tobacco

    B)
    First website has plenty of info and it is somewhat decent, also easy to navigate as well.

    Second is the same as the first.

    Third has so much info but since anybody can edit on Wikipedia, info should be taken with caution.

    C)
    http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TqqApcqKcY0

    http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bA-s39UH4QY&feature=youtu.be&src_vid=A75YtjvdYNw&feature=iv&annotation_id=annotation_1270626155

    http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xu7Ave3ZwJU

    D)
    The first video shows what would happen to some of your organs when smoking, all of this is very graphic and should be used when scaring somebody from smoking.

    The second video shows all most of the effects of smoking including clogged blood vessels and others

    The third video (remember Premiere 12?) is just the same but also includes more social things like addiction, second hand smoke and peer pressure to smoke.

    Done by: M Aliff Hasbi BMJ RZ1304M

    ReplyDelete
  8. A)i. http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/article/10566.pho
    ii. http://m.cancer.org/cancer/cancercauses/tobaccocancer/womenandsmoking/women-and-smoking-health-of-children
    iii. http://m.cancer.org/cancer/cancercauses/tobaccocancer/womenandsmoking/index
    B)i. This website tells me about cardiovascular heart disease that developed by the smoker due to smoking. Claims by the researches association in the USA.
    ii. This website are detailed about how structure the page is to search about smoking. The website shows how smoking can harm pregnant women.
    iii. Smilar to the second website.

    C)i. http://m.newsy.com/videos/prolonged-smoke-exposure-can-cause-miscarriage-study/
    ii. http://www.babycenter.com/2_inside-pregnancy-how-smoking-affects-your-baby_10354439.bc
    iii. http://www.monkeysee.com/play/5508-what-are-the-smoking-risks-for-pregnant-women-and-their-unborn-babies

    D)i. This video explained that smoking is very harmful to their health. Smoking can make it harder for a woman to get pregnant.
    Not only is smoking harmful to them, it's also harmful to their baby during pregnancy as their baby is exposed to dangerous chemicals like nicotine, carbon monoxide and tar. These chemicals can lessen the amount of oxygen that their baby gets.
    ii. This video is bout Women who smoke during their pregnancy. Women who smoke during pregnancy can cause vagina bleeding, premature baby and lung cancer to the baby.
    iii. This video contain how smoke can affect the pregnant women's baby. Cigarettes contains nicotine which transfer into the blood stream of the mother's baby. This blood stream are connected to the baby. This may lead to baby's death or an unhealthy babies.

    Done by: Muhd Zikri RZ1304M

    ReplyDelete
  9. a) http://betobaccofree.hhs.gov/health-effects/smoking-health/
    http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/factsheet/Tobacco/cessation
    http://www.heart.org/HEARTORG/GettingHealthy/QuitSmoking/QuittingSmoking/How- Cigarettes- Damage-Your-Body_UCM_322735_Article.jsp
    b) The first website tells us how smoking affects our organs, mainly focused on cancer.
    The second website shows question and answer about tobacco. More like a survey.
    The third website tells us how cigarettes damage our body. These websites has a lot of paragraphs. So people who don’t like to read tend to get bored.

    c) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ztSvGEteKmE
    http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gwuwrRK-I2Y
    http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CO0qwl5k9R4

    d) The first video is a tv show on harmful effects on smoking and how they would like to help people quit smoking.
    The second video is an explanation on the disease cause from smoking through animation.
    The third video is one of the best anti-smoking ad ever created.
    Done by: Noor Faidhi RZ1304M

    ReplyDelete
  10. a) http://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/data_statistics/fact_sheets/health_effects/effects_cig_smoking/

    http://www.stop-smoking-programs.org/effects-of-smoking.html
    http://www.cancer.org/cancer/cancercauses/tobaccocancer/index
    B)
    The first website is very detailed and shows the statics on how people die from smoking. They also shows a lot of references and even further information. However from my point of perspective, this information stated is insufficient to tell reader on how smoking really affect your health.

    Second website shows that people who smoke will contract emphysema(which will rot the organs in your body).However,i think that the page is dull and does not attract my interest one single bit

    The third website is kind of interesting as it is like a Q&A section and will let you learn more about smoking and what damages it will do

    .C
    http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lqbLe4EnmEM
    http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7uFmqynVSxE
    http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SAWkya3jYCE
    D
    first vid is about a thai ad about a kid who asks for a lighter,it made the adults angry and telling the kids that what they are doing is wrong...then the kid says why arent they stopping if they knew it's bad? FUH BURN SIOL
    Second vid is about an obese guy who has just finish placing the mat,wanting to smoke,he picked up his lighter and searched his pocket for his ciggy sadly it wasn't there then he saw a patch on the mat...thinking that it was his ciggy below,he crushed it without thinking......soon the owner returned his ciggy and BAAM HE KILLED A HAMSTER!!!!!!!!!! ANIMAL ABUSE so smoking kills indirectly
    Third Vid is about an old guy who is quiting smoking,his urge to skome makes him so stress that he goes on a rage!!!!!!
    DONE BY MUHAMMAD KHAIR B ZAILANI RZ1304M

    ReplyDelete
  11. a) http://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/data_statistics/fact_sheets/health_effects/effects_cig_smoking/

    http://www.stop-smoking-programs.org/effects-of-smoking.html
    http://www.cancer.org/cancer/cancercauses/tobaccocancer/index
    B)
    The first website is very detailed and shows the statics on how people die from smoking. They also shows a lot of references and even further information. However from my point of perspective, this information stated is insufficient to tell reader on how smoking really affect your health.

    Second website shows that people who smoke will contract emphysema(which will rot the organs in your body).However,i think that the page is dull and does not attract my interest one single bit

    The third website is kind of interesting as it is like a Q&A section and will let you learn more about smoking and what damages it will do

    .C
    http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lqbLe4EnmEM
    http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7uFmqynVSxE
    http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SAWkya3jYCE
    D
    first vid is about a thai ad about a kid who asks for a lighter,it made the adults angry and telling the kids that what they are doing is wrong...then the kid says why arent they stopping if they knew it's bad? FUH BURN SIOL
    Second vid is about an obese guy who has just finish placing the mat,wanting to smoke,he picked up his lighter and searched his pocket for his ciggy sadly it wasn't there then he saw a patch on the mat...thinking that it was his ciggy below,he crushed it without thinking......soon the owner returned his ciggy and BAAM HE KILLED A HAMSTER!!!!!!!!!! ANIMAL ABUSE so smoking kills indirectly
    Third Vid is about an old guy who is quiting smoking,his urge to skome makes him so stress that he goes on a rage!!!!!! 
    Done by JunRen from class RZ1304M

    ReplyDelete
  12. Testing for JH

    JH RZ1304M

    ReplyDelete
  13. A1) http://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/data_statistics/fact_sheets/health_effects/effects_cig_smoking/
    A2) http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/factsheet/Tobacco/cessation
    A3) http://betobaccofree.hhs.gov/health-effects/smoking-health/

    B1) It provide the harmful effect in point form but it's still lagging of more infomation.
    B2) It has alot of information but it's too wordy that makes people loses interest in reading it.
    B3) It picture with the detailed labelling, but too wordy too.

    C1) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l26f4f-V4jc
    C2) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Bb8p2GEiRk0
    C3) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lW6hwmdZbmE

    D1) the video is saying about how much will we spend on cigarettes each year and what are we handling in our body when we smoke.
    D2) the video is saying about what is happening inside our body when we are smoking.
    D3) the video is saying about smoking effect on us and our close ones. and it tells us to STOP SMOKING !
    done by ErileaAng RZ1304M

    ReplyDelete
  14. A1 : http://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/data_statistics/fact_shee
    A2 :
    http://www.cancer.org/cancer/cancercauses/tobaccoc
    A3 :
    http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/10566.php
    B1 :
    The website is very detailed and shows statics about how people die from smoking.
    B2 :
    The website is like a Q&A section and which tell about smoking and what damages it will do
    B3 :
    This website shows about the details of how somking will hram you body .
    C1 :
    http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l26f4f-V4jc
    C2 :
    http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g_YZ_PtMkw0
    C3 :
    http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lW6hwmdZbmE
    D1 :
    About how much tar our body is handling and how much it cost a year.
    D2 :
    About a advertisement on quiting to smoke by serving as a reminder
    D3 :
    About how smoking affect you close ones .
    Done by : Ng Shi Hui Simon

    ReplyDelete
  15. A1
    http://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/data_statistics/fact_sheets/health_effects/effects_cig_smoking/?mobile=nocontent
    A2
    http://m.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/bhcv2/bhcarticles.nsf/pages/Smoking_effects_on_your_body?open
    A3
    http://www.stop-smoking-programs.org/effects-of-smoking.html
    B1
    The website gives the overview of smoking and it's causes like cancer.
    B2
    It tells about the chemical ingredients that contain in cigarettes which are harmful.
    B3
    It also tells about the harmful effects of smoking.
    C1
    http://m.youtube.com/watch?v=CO0qwl5k9R4
    C2
    http://m.youtube.com/watch?v=IbmDGr3AEs0
    C3
    http://m.youtube.com/watch?v=ecdhYZcTZS4
    D1
    This advertisement is good that the children are trying to help those adults to quit smoking.They pretend to lend for lighters which make those adults think about the children and themselves.
    D2
    The first part of it is funny that a small person acts as a cigarette and control a person's life.While the second part tells that the seller wants buyer pay a pack of cigarettes through money and her skin.
    D3
    This video tells that a person shows smokers a video about harmful effect of smoking which can damage lungs,heart and brain.It will cause death in their future.Smokers will be quit due to prevent from death.
    Done by Lee Jun Hao(RZ1304M)

    ReplyDelete
  16. A1) http://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/data_statistics/fact_sheets/health_effects/effects_cig_smoking/
    A2) http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/factsheet/Tobacco/cessation
    A3) http://betobaccofree.hhs.gov/health-effects/smoking-health/

    B1) not very detailed info but shows how harmful the effects are.
    B2) resourceful.
    B3) very detailed.

    C1) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l26f4f-V4jc
    C2) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Bb8p2GEiRk0
    C3) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lW6hwmdZbmE

    D1) Talks about how much smokers spends.
    D2) things that occurs inside our body when we smoke.
    D3)A message to stop smoking.smoking is harmful.


    Sufiyan

    ReplyDelete
  17. 1)http://www.stop-smoking-programs.org/effects-of-smoking.html
    - first website plenty of information about the effects of smoking

    2)http://www.stop-smoking-programs.org/effects-of-smoking.html
    -it encourages us to stop smoking

    3)http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jw2mJp-igTc
    -shows us what's inside a cigarette

    Lye Darren RZ1304M

    ReplyDelete
  18. a)http://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/data_statistics/fact_sheets/health_effects/effects_cig_smoking/

    http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/10566.php

    http://betobaccofree.hhs.gov/health-effects/smoking-health/

    b) fisrt web, shows details and visible numbers/ stastistic given. seceond, tells us what tobacco contains. how it can affect someones health. third,same as second but more details.

    c)http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ztSvGEteKmE

    http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Bb8p2GEiRk0

    http://www.mydr.com.au/addictions/smohttp://www.oxygen.org.au/hardfacts/health-effects-of-smokingking-what-are-the-effects

    d) shows what harmful effects smoking can give a person.
    tells us what is happening inside our body, what the substance do inside out systems. different stages of illness/ disease that can come.

    done by: ina rz1304m (14)

    ReplyDelete
  19. 1)
    http://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/data_statistics/fact_sheets/health_effects/effects_cig_smoking/?mobile=nocontent

    The colour is colorful.
    The information is not that sufficient.

    2) http://m.cancer.gov/topics/factsheets/cessation

    The website has answered quite a few question. But not all the question are answered.

    3)
    http://www.stop-smoking-programs.org/effects-of-smoking.html

    The website can let you choose the what question you want to know.
    The colour not that attractive .

    1) http://m.youtube.com/watch?v=fLbQfMmrISE

    This video is good and can attract smokers.

    2) http://m.youtube.com/watch?v=dVLtNgAhPRg

    This video shows us that has happened in real life.

    3) http://m.youtube.com/watch?v=UZmwIaa_qbk

    Done by : Nur Hazirah Fitri RZ1304M

    ReplyDelete
  20. 1.http://m.cancer.gov/topics/factsheets/cessation
    1 - is very informative about the content of cigarette, why we should quit smoking and why we shouldn't start smoking.
    2.http://m.netdoctor.co.uk/health_advice/facts/smokehealth.htm
    2 - is also similar to number 1 but also include about electronic cigarette is a bit safer as it give nicotine but still deadly to our body.
    3.http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_effects_of_tobacco
    3 - is also similar to number 1 but show more statistics , info on the chemicals and the history of tobacco

    1. http://m.youtube.com/watch?v=B1DNoole3Wo
    1 - is about the effect second hand smoking.
    2. http://m.youtube.com/watch?v=thLHLQezDEU
    2 - is very informative and they did survey people about smoking also they even managed to film of operation of removing some fattening liquid that block the artery.
    3. http://m.youtube.com/watch?v=1BwVxmJPies
    3 - is about the country that legalized weeds, quite amusing at the end.

    DONE BY: Nur 'Izzudin Bin Karim Rz1304M

    ReplyDelete
  21. a) http://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/data_statistics/fact_sheets/health_effects/effects_cig_smoking/

    http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/10566.php

    http://betobaccofree.hhs.gov/health-effects/smoking-health/

    b) The first website is very detailed and shows heavy statics about how people die from smoking. They also shows a lot of references and even further information. However from my point of perspective, this information is too brief to show how smoking really affect your health.

    Next website: It has a good breakdown of what the tobacco smoke contains and showing how each of those individual harm your body. However I do not like how the website listing all the harmful effect by ending everything with cancer.

    Third website: This is the most detailed website on how smoking really affect your body. They went so far to narrow it down to every types of cigarette available. However the background is very dull with only white.
    c)http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ztSvGEteKmE

    http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Bb8p2GEiRk0

    http://www.mydr.com.au/addictions/smohttp://www.oxygen.org.au/hardfacts/health-effects-of-smokingking-what-are-the-effects

    d) shows what harmful effects smoking can give a person.
    tells us what is happening inside our body, what the substance do inside out systems. different stages of illness/ disease that can come.

    DONE BY: ASHER DAVID DE LAURE
    RZ1304M

    ReplyDelete
  22. Strawberry satu, satu lime. #Baranglama

    ReplyDelete
  23. HARMFUL EFFECTS OF SMOKING.

    1.http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/factsheet/Tobacco/cessation
    - STRAIGHTFORWARD AND INFORMATIVE

    2.http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/10566.php
    - VERY DETAILED BUT MIGHT BE TOO DRY

    3.http://betobaccofree.hhs.gov/health-effects/smoking-health/
    - INFORMATIVE BUT CONSIST OF MANY LINKS


    VIDEOS.

    http://www.oprah.com/oprahshow/Dr-Ozs-Advice-on-How-to-Quit-Smoking-Video
    -INTERESTING AND COOL!

    http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5zWB4dLYChM
    - SHOCKING O.O

    http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OIy4kby0vMc
    -A GOOD ONE TO ONE REFLECTION BUT MIGHT NOT BE REALLY EFFECTIVE.

    ReplyDelete

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